Cov qhab hom phiaj ntawm cov khib nyiab. Quantum Mechanics rau Dummies

Qhov tsab xov xwm qhia txog cov band kev tshawb xav ntawm cov khib nyiab. Qhia, yog dab tsi nws yog vim li cas nws yog ib tug sawv cev ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem. Tau ntawm hlau sib txawv los ntawm dielectrics thiab semiconductors.

Rosette thiab Button

Yuav ua li cas ntau zaug ib hnub peb yuav tau nyem rau ntawm cov ntau yam nyees khawm? Tsis muaj ib tug txawm hais tias yuav tuaj tsis tau suav nws - tau ua thiaj li paub hais tias kev txiav txim. Thiab tus txiv neej tsis xav hais tias tag nrho cov no yog tsuas tau ua tsaug rau yuav ua li cas yooj yim nws yog nqa ib fais tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov hlau. Tig rau ntawm lub teeb, rhaub hwj kais, khiav lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, tsis hais qhov kev nqis tes ua nyob rau hauv smartphones, txhais tau tias ua kom tiav rau hauv Circuit Court thiab tso cai rau cov electrons nyob rau hauv lub conductors mus ua hauj lwm es tsis txhob ntawm cov neeg. Piav ntawm xws phenomena li cov conductivity teeb. Cov feem ntau pom tseeb, tej zaum, yog cov band kev tshawb xav ntawm cov khib nyiab.

Atom thiab kettles

Txhua tus neeg uas yog nyob rau hauv high school, muaj ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atom. Nco qab nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug zoo them hnyav nucleus (muaj protons thiab neutrons) tig ntsws me ntsis electrons. Number of negative hais raws nraim sib npaug rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm zoo. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis mus bore txawj nyeem ntawv, piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm "Quantum Mechanics rau Dummies." Txhua electron orbit yog nruj me ntsis txwv, rau cov uas nws muaj peev xwm tig ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais nyob rau hauv ib tug muab tshuaj lub caij. Nyob rau hauv lem, txhua tus tsiaj nws muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb cov qauv atoms xws orbits. Nws li ces thiaj li spectroscopists zaum txawv boron los ntawm selenium thiab arsenic los ntawm sodium. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub ntshiab tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj ib tug infinite xov tooj ntawm txawv ob peb ua ke. Quantum mechanics (Rau Dummies, tus nyeem ntawv yuav tsum nco ntsoov) cav tias nyob rau hauv txoj tebchaw orbits tshuam, hauj lwm ua ke, txia, ncav us txog, tsim ib tug kev twb kev txuas. Lawv zoo nyob ntawm lub hom: covalent thiab ionic muaj zog, hydrogen, piv txwv li, yog weaker.

siv lead ua qauv

Cov khoom lub cev yog yam nyuab dua. Rau cov qauv, uas siv cov band kev tshawb xav ntawm cov khib nyiab, feem ntau yog muab ib tug zoo meej siv lead ua. Qhov no txhais tau tias nws yog kev txom thiab tsis muaj kev txhaum - txhua atom rau nws tus kheej qhov chaw, tag nrho cov them nyiaj yog pes tsawg. Ntsiav ywj faj ywj fwm nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug hauj lwm ntawm equilibrium, tab sis lub electrons yuav hais zuag qhia tag nrho. Nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas "yooj yim" ib tug atom donates nws nyob ib sab tsis zoo hais, nws yog tau rigidly predetermined hluav taws xob qauv ntawm dielectrics los yog co huab. Kuv yuav tsum tau ntxiv hais tias thaum twg yog xav nws yog assumed tias tag nrho cov electrons nyob qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm lub zog rau lawv, uas txhais tau hais tias lub cev yog nyob pes tsawg Kelvin. Thaum dua kub, lub amplitude ntawm oscillation li cov nuclei thiab cov electrons xav thiab, li no, lub tom kawg yuav tau mus nyob dua lub zog ntau. Tsis zoo hais faib yuav ntau "xoob". Nyob rau hauv ib co teeb meem, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los, kom piav no tshwm sim raws li xws li kub yog tsis yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb.

Pauli hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov loader

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov band kev tshawb xav ntawm khib nyiab yuav attained tsuas zoo yuav tsum nco ntsoov li cas rau Pauli hauv paus ntsiab lus. Yog hais tias peb xav txog tej yam uas cov electrons - ib lub hnab ntawm qab zib, ces, yog hais tias cov hnab ntau, zwj ceeb loader yuav lawv yaum on txhua lwm yam. Txhua "lub hnab" yuav siv sij hawm nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Rau electrons, qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv ib tug muab lub xeev tsuas yog ib qho yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ib tug system. Qhov no yog qhov Pauli cais hauv paus ntsiab lus. Nco ntsoov tias peb muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab lub zoo tagnrho tej yam kev mob, xws li kub ntawm xoom Kelvin, thiab cov infinite siv lead ua. Tag nrho cov system yog nyob rau hauv tib tej yam kev mob ntawm kub, txhua yam kev nyuaj siab, tsis xws luag yog tib yam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm ib tug tag nrho.

Hauv muaju tsam

Nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua, ib tug plurality ntawm ib hom ntawm atoms. Ib tias ntawm tshuaj muaj ib tug kaum rau nees nkaum peb degree ntsiab. Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam moles ib kilogram, piv txwv li, ntsev? Yog li ntawd koj yuav txawm hais tias txawm lub me tshaj siv lead ua muaj unimaginably ntau atoms. Txhua tshuaj caij nws muaj nws tus kheej cov qauv ntawm cov electron orbits, thiab yuav ua li cas yog hais tias lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub cev ib tug ob peb? Tom qab tag nrho, raws li lub Pauli cais ntsiab cai, lawv yuav tsum nyob txawv xeev. Band kev tshawb xav ntawm cov khib nyiab muaj cov nram qab no txoj kev - lub electron orbits ua txawv energies. Qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog li ntawd me me tias lawv yog pressed, leaning ntawm txhua lwm yam heev nruj nreem rau tsim ib tug tas mus tsam. Yog li, txhua theem ntawm lub electron nyob rau hauv lub atom yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub loj siv lead ua. Hais ntawm band kev tshawb xav ntawm cov khib nyiab yuav pab tau piav qhov sib txawv ntawm insulators thiab conductors.

Hauv nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam

Peb twb sib tham dab tsi tshwm sim nrog ib tug ntau ntawm electrons, uas nyob rau hauv ib tug atom nyob rau hauv tib lub orbit, tus tsim ntawm tus siv lead ua. Tab sis lawv tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam kom txog rau thaum peb tau ncaim unlit. Muab daim ntawv twb tseem ceeb vim hais tias nws txiav txim qhov txawv ntawm cov hlau thiab tsis-hlau. Raws li twb hais saum toj no, cov qhab hom phiaj ntawm cov khib nyiab qhia tau hais tias lub zog theem hauv lub band ntawm ib tug neeg atoms txawv orbits txawv me ntsis hais tias yuav luag tsim ib tug tas mus spectrum. Yog li, los kov yeej cov tej zaum teeb meem ntawm lub electron yog tsis yooj yim - nws txav lawv dawb do, rau qhov no yog txaus txawm tshav kub. Txawm li cas los, txhua txhua tus pub band muaj nws cov kev txwv. Muaj yog ib txwm ib tug muaj zog uas yog siab dua los yog tsawg dua lwm tus.

Valence txwv tsis pub, conductivity

Ntawm cov aav muaj ib thaj tsam ntawm lub zog, qhov no tsis muaj theem ntawm uas ib tug electron yuav yog. Nyob rau hauv lub graphs, nws zoo nkaus li raws li ib tug dawb kis. Thiab nws hu ua tus qhab kis. Yuav kom kov yeej no barrier electron ua tau tsuas yog jerk. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau txais kom tsim nyog rau qhov no zog. Lub cheeb tsam nrog cov loj tshaj lub zog, uas rau no hom ntawm atoms tso cai hav zoov ntawm electrons yog hu ua tus valence band, thiab ua raws li nws - conductivity.

Hlau dielectric

Conduction band kev tshawb xav ntawm cov khib nyiab koom tes hais tias cov muaj los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub conduction band qhia yuav ua li cas yooj yim ntws nyob rau hauv no tam sim no substance. Yog li txawv hlau thiab dielectrics. Nyob rau hauv lub yav tas los cov ntaub ntawv, cov conduction band twb muaj electrons, txij li thaum overlaps muaj valence. Ib tug txhais tau tias tsis zoo hais mus tau rau nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub electromagnetic teb, tsis muaj ntxiv zog cov tswv yim. Yog li ntawd, cov hluav taws xob tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov hlau zoo nkaus li yog li ib qho yooj yim, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb - instantly, sai li sai raws li lub teb. Thiab rau cov tib yog vim li cas, cov hlau yog ua los ntawm steel, tooj liab, tooj dawb.

Ntaub ntawv rau cov uas lub valence thiab conduction bands sib cais los ntawm ib tug muaj zog-hu ua dielectrics. Cov electrons muaj cuab nyob rau hauv lub theem sab muaj cai. Band kis cais qhov tsis zoo hais los ntawm cov theem nyob rau hauv uas lawv yuav tsiv mus nyob ib ncig ntawm dawb do. Thiab lub zog uas yuav tsum tau qhia rau lub electrons los mus kov yeej nws, ua kom puas cov khoom. Los yog hloov nws lub zog tshaj Vocabulary. Yog li ntawd, yas qhwv nyob ntawm tej melts thiab kub nyhiab, tab sis tsis ua hluav taws xob.

semiconductors

Tab sis muaj ib tug intermediate chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ib tug bandgap, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob uas muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hluav taws xob tam sim no. Lawv hu ua - semiconductors. Ib yam li cov dielectric, lawv muaj ib tug muaj zog sib txawv nruab nrab lub conduction thiab valence. Txawm li cas los, nws yog tsawg thiab kov yeej nrog ib co dag zog. Classical semiconductor yog pob zeb ntais (nyob rau hauv Latin - Silicium). Lub npe nrov Silicon Valley yog nto moo rau technologies raws li nyob rau kev siv ntawm muaju ntawm no substance yog los tsim hluav taws xob.