Characterization thiab suam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Tshuaj tiv thaiv (txhais, cais yog sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) yog immunological cov neeg ua hauj siv raws li active txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv (txwv tsis pub - mus rau active kev tiv thaiv resistant kab mob rau cov kev yav). LEEJ TWG xaus lus txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv - qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov kab pathologies. Vim nws cov high efficiency, qhov simplicity ntawm txoj kev, tau ntawm ib tug dav kev pab them nqi ntawm cov pejxeem yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv los mus tiv thaiv ib tug loj ntawm pathologies, immunoprophylaxis nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws dej num raws li ib tug tsoom fwv ua ntej.

txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv

Txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv - ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev tiv thaiv yuav tiv thaiv tau tus me nyuam los yog neeg loj los ntawm tej yam pathologies kiag li los yog txo lawv cov tsos nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim.

Ib tug zoo xws li cov nyhuv yog tiav los ntawm "kev cob qhia" lub cev. Thaum muab cov tshuaj kab mob (los yog es nws tiv thaiv kab mob) tua kab mob thiab artificially tswvcuab "nco" nws. Thaum re-kab mob tiv thaiv yog tshuab txais ntau npaum li cas sai sai thiab tag txav txawv teb chaws cov neeg ua hauj.

Lub daim ntawv teev cov kev ua ub no ntawm cov txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj xws li:

• xaiv ntawm cov neeg yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv;
• tshuaj xaiv;
• shaping Circuit Court ntawm qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv;
• tswj efficiency;
• txoj kev kho (yog tias tsim nyog) cov yuav muaj teeb meem thiab pathological tshua.

txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv Txoj kev

• Intradermal. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus xav koob tshuaj BCG. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv ua nyob rau hauv lub xub pwg (txheej thib peb ntawm nws). Ib tug zoo xws li cov qauv no yog tseem siv tau los tiv thaiv kom txhob tularemia, kab mob plague, brucellosis, anthrax, Q kub ib ce.
• Ncauj. Siv los mus tiv thaiv tus mob polio thiab kab mob dev vwm. Nyob rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm qhov ncauj agents tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas, qhua pias, typhoid kub taub hau, mob meningococcal kab mob.
• Subcutaneous. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, cov tshuaj yog tsis adsorbed yog nkag tau rau hauv yog undercut xub pwg (txheej nto ntawm nruab nrab thiab Upper rau sab feem peb lub xub pwg) cheeb tsam. Zoo: tsawg allergenicity, yooj yim ntawm cov thawj coj, cov durability ntawm kev tiv thaiv (ob lub zos thiab general).
• Aerosol. Nws siv raws li thaum muaj xwm ceev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog zoo heev aerosol anti-brucellosis, mob khaub thuas, tularemia, diphtheria, kab mob anthrax rwj, hnoos, kab mob plague, rubella, roj gangrene, tuberculosis, tetanus, typhus, typhoid, botulism, dysentery, mumps B.
• Intramuscular. Ua nyob rau hauv tus ncej puab nqaij (sab qaum kev ib ntawm lub perednenaruzhnuyu quadriceps ncej puab nqaij). Piv txwv li, lub DTP.

Niaj hnub nimno cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev faib

Muaj ntau ntau pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

1. Cov kev faib txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv raws li ib tug cim:

• 1 tiam (corpuscular tshuaj tiv thaiv). Nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv attenuated (tsis muaj zog txaus nyob) thiab mob (raug tua) txhais tau tias;
• 2nd tiam: subunit (tshuaj) thiab detoxified exotoxins (toxoids);
• 3 pib tiam kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv tus kab mob siab B kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob dev vwm thiab;
• Tiam 4 (tsis muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev xyaum), yog sawv cev los ntawm plasmid DNA, hluavtaws peptides, cog tshuaj tiv thaiv, tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj MHC cov khoom thiab idiotypic txoj kev kho.

2. ib suam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (microbiology thiab faib lawv mus rau hauv ob peb lub chav kawm) keeb kwm. Los ntawm cov keeb kwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muab faib mus rau hauv:

• ciaj sia, uas ua los ntawm cov nyob, tab sis attenuated micro-kab;
• tua tsim rau lub hauv paus kev mob kab mob nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev;
• tshuaj paus chiv keeb tshuaj tiv thaiv (nyob rau hauv paus ntawm mas lim antigens);
• cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsim muaj cov kev pab los ntawm biotechnological txoj kev, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv:

- hluavtaws tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li nyob rau hauv oligosaccharides thiab oligopeptides;

- DNA tshuaj tiv thaiv;

- txhob kaw engineered tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov synthesis ntawm kev siv tshuab.

3. Nyob rau hauv raws li cov mej zeej ntawm lub Ar tshuaj, tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov nram qab no faib (i.e., raws li Ar nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tam sim no):

• tag nrho microbial hlwb (kev mob ua npaws los yog nyob);
• neeg lub Cheebtsam ntawm microbial hlwb (feem ntau kev tiv thaiv Ar);
• microbial toxins;
• los ntawm synthetically Ag kab mob;
• Ar uas tau los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering hom kev kawm.

Nyob ntawm seb lub peev xwm los tsim kev tiv thaiv mus rau ob peb los yog ib tug neeg sawv cev:

• monovalent;
• polio.

Suam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog ib tug txheej ntawm Ar:

• tivthaiv;
• corpuscular.

nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm tej tshuaj tiv thaiv siv attenuated kab mob los ntawm kab mob nrog. Tej tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj immunogenic zog, tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob thaum lub sij hawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv no feem ntau yog tsis ua.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm allergic ntawm lub nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau hauv lub cev yog tsim resistant cell, ib tug secretory, humoral tiv thaiv.

Pros thiab cons

Qhov zoo ntawm ib tug nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv (kev faib tawm, daim ntawv thov los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm):

• Ib tug yam tsawg kawg nkaus npaum;
• tau txoj kev sib txawv ntawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv;
• sai runningaway kev tiv thaiv;
• high efficiency;
• uas tsis muaj nqi;
• lub immunogenicity ntawm cov feem ntau tej yam ntuj tso;
• muaj li ntawm tsis muaj preservatives;
• nyob rau hauv tus ntawm xws tshuaj tiv thaiv qhib tag nrho cov hom ntawm kev tiv thaiv.

Tsis zoo sab:

• nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug tsis muaj zog txaus tiv thaiv kab mob nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg mob thaum muab nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsim tus kab mob no;
• txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm no hom yog cov tsis tshua nkag siab kub, yog li cov kev taw qhia ntawm "tainted" nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim phiv tshuaj los yog tshuaj txhaj tiv thaiv loses nws cov khoom;
• tsis muaj peev xwm mus muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev npaj, nyob rau hauv view ntawm kev phiv cov txheej xwm los yog poob ntawm kho miv nyuas siv zug.

Ib suam ntawm nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Cov nram qab no hom ntawm nyob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:

• Attenuated (tsis muaj zog) tshuaj txhaj tiv thaiv npaj. Lawv yog ua los ntawm hom uas tau txo pathogenicity, tab sis cov lus hais immunogenicity. Thaum muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hom nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj kev zoo sib thooj kab mob: ua kab mob cov neeg ua hauj me nyuam, li no yuav ua tau rau lub tsim ntawm lub cev cov lus teb. Cov qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu xws li tshuaj tiv thaiv npaj rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm typhoid kub taub hau, qhov ncauj tawm, anthrax, Q kub cev thiab brucellosis. Tsis tau lub ib thooj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob - antiviral cov tshuaj los ntawm lub adenoviral kab mob, yellow fever, kab mob ua qog, Sabin tshuaj tiv thaiv (polio), rubella, qhua pias, kab mob ua npaws;
• Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog divergent. Lawv yog ua los rau lub hauv paus ntawm hais txog kab mob los ntawm cov kab pathologies. Cov antigens ntxias ib lub cev tsis teb hais tias tus ntoo khaub lig directional yav antigens. Piv txwv li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv prophylaxis tiv thaiv smallpox zoo siab uas yog ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub smallpox tus kab mob no vaccinia thiab xav koob tshuaj BCG, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm mycobacteria uas ua rau bovine tuberculosis.

Influenza tshuaj tiv thaiv

Qhov zoo tshaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev mob ua npaws tshuaj tiv thaiv siv. Lawv yog cov lom cov tshuaj uas muab cov tsos ntawm luv luv-term kuj mus kab mob khaub thuas tus kab mob.

Indications rau tej txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog:

• muaj hnub nyoog 60 xyoo thiab laus dua;
• mob bronchopulmonary los yog kab mob;
• cev xeeb tub (2-3 trimesters);
• neeg ua hauj lwm, tsev kho mob thiab cov tsev kho mob;
• neeg mus tas li nyob hauv kaw collectives (tsev loj cuj, dormitories, cov tsev laus, thiab thiaj li nyob);
• cov neeg mob nyob rau hauv chaw los yog ambulatory kev kho mob uas muaj gemoglabinopatii, lub cev tsis hluav, daim siab tus kab mob, lub raum thiab metabolic mob.

hom

Classification kab mob khaub thuas tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li cov nram qab no pawg:

1. Nyob tshuaj tiv thaiv;
2. Inactivated tshuaj tiv thaiv:

• tag nrho tus kab mob no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv muaj xws li undefeated mas lim mob virions;
• rascheplennye (phua tshuaj tiv thaiv). Piv txwv li: "Fluarix", "Begrivak", "VAXIGRIP". Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv cuam tshuam kab mob khaub thuas virions (tag nrho cov nqaijrog ntawm tus kab mob no);

• subunit tshuaj tiv thaiv ( "Agrippal" "Grippol" "influvac") yog muaj li ntawm ob kab nto cov nqaijrog, haemagglutinin thiab neuraminidase kom induction ntawm ib lub cev tsis teb nrog mob khaub thuas. Lwm yam nqaijrog ntawm lub virion, thiab me nyuam qaib embryo yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv vim tshem tawm thaum lub sij hawm purification.