Arabic sau ntawv: keeb kwm, nta

Tam sim no, ntau tshaj xya feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov pej xeem siv Arabic kom lawv kev sib txuas lus. Sau ntawv nws yog siv nyob rau hauv nees nkaum-ob lub xeev, thiab cov hloov yog tshwm sim rau lub neeg ntawm Is Nrias teb, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran thiab lwm lub teb chaws. Thaum xaiv cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv no, koj tuaj yeem pom nws muaj ntau qhov zoo, zoo li kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub suab ntawm cov lus Arabic thiab kev hais lus.

Lub hauv paus pib ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb

Lub keeb kwm ntawm Arabic sau ntawv originates los ntawm cov niam ntawv, uas yog tsim los ntawm Phoenicians nyob hauv Lebanon, Syria thiab Palestine. Ua tsaug rau qhov tseeb hais tias lub tebchaws no tau coj nws txoj kev lag luam nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Mediterranean, lawv tsab ntawv cuam tshuam loj hlob ntawm ntau cov ntawv nyob hauv cheeb tsam.

Yog li, tsab ntawv Phoenician tsim ib zaug nyob rau ntau qhov kev qhia, ib qho ntawm cov lus Greek, thiab me ntsis tom qab tseem yog tus ntawv Latin. Nws ceg thib ob yog hais txog Aramaic kev hais lus, uas, tig los ua lus Hebrew thiab Nabadian cov tsiaj ntawv, uas tau siv los ntawm ob xyoo pua BC hauv thaj av ntawm Jordan. Tom qab, tsab ntawv Arabic tshwm sim muaj.

Ntxiv kev txhim kho

Tsab ntawv tau pib muaj zog rau lub xyoo pua plaub ntawm peb lub sijhawm, thaum cov niam ntawv tau ua tiav. Tom qab ntawd nws twb tau ua raws li nyob rau hauv nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas niaj hnub Arabic sau ntawv yog cog lus. Piv txwv, ob los sis peb lub suab lus yuav raug xaiv los ntawm tib qho kev kos npe ib zaug, tom qab ntawd dhau los ua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ncauj lus. Cov ntsiab lus tau muab sau nrog cov cim qhia ntawm shadd, thiab tom qab ntawd cov ntawv pib tshwm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Arabic tsab ntawv tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb me ntsis rau cov neeg zoo li cov Semites, txij li thaum lawv yog lawv leej twg qiv daim ntawv ntawm lawv cov ntawv los ntawm lawv.

Spelling pib tshwm sim me ntsis tom qab, thaum nws los ua tsim nyog los sau ib phau dawb huv ntawm tag nrho cov Muslims - lub Kaulees. Yav dhau los, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tus Yaj Saub Muhammad tau kis los ntawm kev hais lus, uas tom qab tau coj lawv kev sib cav. Tom qab qhov no, ua tsaug rau lub hwjchim ntawm Islam, tsab ntawv no tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tam sim no nws tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob rau ntau lub cheeb tsam hauv teb chaws Africa, Central thiab West Asia, Tebchaws Europe thiab tebchaws Amelikas.

Ntaus kev sau ntawv

Arabic sau ntawv zoo ib yam li Lavxias rau hauv tias nws tseem siv cov ntawv, tsis yog hieroglyphics. Cov lus thiab cov kab lus sau los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv no yog tias tsis muaj cov ntawv tseem ceeb hauv nws. Tag nrho cov npe, thawj lo lus ntawm kab lus yog muab tso rau hauv ntawv ntawm ib qho cim me me. Cov cim cim tseg yog sau hauv ib daim ntawv ntxig, uas yog ib qho txawv rau cov pej xeem hais lus Lavxias.

Arabic sau txawv ntawm ntau lwm tus nyob rau hauv hais tias nws qhia tsuas yog consonant thiab ntev suab lub suab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, thaum luv luv sawv ntsug tsis tshwm tag nrho thiab tsuas yog reproduced nyob rau hauv kev hais lus. Tib lub sij hawm, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab thaum nyeem ntawv, vim tias cov suab no tau kaw nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau cov ntawv sau, thiab cov ntawv sau tseg. Cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov Arabs muaj 28 ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm 22 ntawm lawv muaj plaub hom ntawm lawv cov kev sau ntawv, thiab 6 - tsuas yog ob.

Ntau yam ntawm cov style thaum ntxov

Hom ntawv Arabic sau ntawv yog sawv cev hauv rau ntau yam kev sau ntawv, peb ntawm originated me ntsis dhau lwm tus neeg:

• Thawj ntawm cov no yog Kufi. Nws yog qhov tshaj plaws thiab yog raws li cov qauv hauv cov duab geometric nrog rau kev txwv. Hauv kev sau ntawv no, siv cov kab ncaj, cov ces kaum. Lawv siv rau ntawv uas siv cov cuab yeej kos duab. Rau qhov kev nyeem tau no yog kev hloov siab los ntawm kev sib luag thiab kev ua siab zoo, kev sib zog thiab kev ua siab zoo. Vim yog cov yeeb yam no nws tau siv los sau cov ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov Muslims. Tsis tas li no style ntawm kev sau ntawv yuav pom ntawm Arab npib thiab mosques.
• Ib me ntsis tom qab tuaj sulsy. Tus neeg txhais lus ntawm nws lub npe txhais suab zoo li "thib peb", txij li thaum nws cov cim qhia peb zaug me me loj tshaj hauv Kufi. Nws yog qhov xav tau los ua ib daim ntaub ntsej muag. Yog li, sulce feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ntau subheadings thiab cov lus tseem ceeb. Ib qho kev txawv txav ntawm phau ntawv no yog nws cov ntawv, muaj ib tus zoo nkauj nrog rau ib co hooks ntawm lawv kawg.
• NASH. Nws tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua thib kaum. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv yog me me kab rov tav "stitches", thaum cov lus yeej ib txwm ntawm cov sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, nws yog siv los luam cov phau ntawv thiab luam ntawv.

Hom lub sijhawm lig

Cov qauv peb tau tsim tau me ntsis tom qab tshaj saud. Cov no muaj xws li cov nram qab no hom Arabic tsab ntawv:

• Talik. Nws tshwm sim hauv Iranian lub xeev thiab nws yog Ameslikas hu ua Farsi. Thaum koj sau nws, cov tsiaj ntawv maj mam txav ntawm sab saum toj, yog li koj xav tau tias cov lus sau rau ntawm kab pheeb ces kaum. Nyob rau hauv no style, cov tsiaj ntawv muaj ib tus qauv npaj. Nws tsuas yog faib nyob rau sab qab teb Asia, zoo li nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb.
• Tes sau rikya. Nws yog raws li hom qub sau ntawv. Lus nws lub npe yog txhais ua "ib phau me me". Nws yog ib qho kev nplua nuj style, thiab qhov tseem yoojyim rau kev sau, yog li nws yog feem ntau siv rau kev sau ntawv thiab tom tsev.
• Style rooj zaum. Nws yog feem ntau siv rau hauv tsoom fwv chancery. Piv txwv, ntau yam kev txiav txim, cov ntawv tseem ceeb thiab lwm yam ntawm cov ntawv hauv lub xeev sau rau hauv kev sau ntawv.

Monumental style

Arabic sau ntawm no ntau yam yog feem ntau siv rau tej yam ntaub ntawv nyuab, pob zeb thiab hlau. Nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm ntau yam qauv vaj tse thiab cov duab, nrog rau mosques, stelae thiab npib. Rau qhov kev nyeem ntawv no yog los ntawm angularity thiab scale, yog li ntawd nws yog ib daim ntawv teev tes muaj npe. Cov qauv no yog siv rau cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv nruam thiab nyhav rau liquefied.

Los ntawm tag nrho cov lus saum toj no, nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias cov ntawv Arabic tsis nyuaj rau nws tus kheej, yog koj kawm nws yam tsis muaj kev xav tsis zoo thiab kev ntshai nyob rau hauv txoj cai sib lawv liag.