Aquifer. Lub qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer

Aquifer los yog qab ntug - ib tug ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov pob zeb muaj siab permeability. Lawv pores, tej kab nrib pleb los yog lwm yam voids yog lawm ua tus sau nrog av.

General tswv yim

Ob peb tsawg kawg kiag tej zaum yuav tsim aquifer system, yog hais tias lawv yog interconnected hydraulically. Siv rau cov dej haus nyob rau hauv hav zoov, irrigation ntawm hav zoov nurseries nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag ua si. Thaum koj tawm mus rau qhov chaw, lawv yuav ua tau ib qhov chaw ntawm waterlogging chaw uas zoo heev. Qhov no tej zaum yuav pab mus rau tsim ntawm qis thiab hloov bogs.

permeability

Lub aquifer yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm permeability ntawm pob zeb. Dej permeability nyob ntawm qhov luaj li cas thiab tus naj npawb ntawm interconnected tej kab nrib pleb, pores, raws li zoo raws li lub txheeb pellets pob zeb. Lub qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer yuav varied los 4.2 m ( "perched") thiab mus txog rau 30-50 m (artesian dej).

Rau cov zoo permeable pob zeb yog:

• gravel;
• pebbles;
• ntxhib xuab zeb;
• quaj tawv heev fractured thiab Karst pob zeb.

dej zog

Yog vim li cas rau lub zog ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv lub pores yuav ua tau ob peb:

• tus quab yuam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus;
• hydraulic taub hau;
• capillary rog;
• capillary-osmotic rog;
• adsorption quab yuam;
• kub gradient.

Nyob rau hauv lub geological qauv ntawm cov aquifer pob zeb yuav ua tau isotropic nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub pom, piv txwv li. E. permeability nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov tib. Pob zeb yuav ua tau anisotropic, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug niaj hnub hloov nyob rau hauv lub permeability nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia.

Lub qhov tob ntawm lub tsawg kawg kiag nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Moscow

Thoob plaws hauv lub ib ncig ntawm lub Moscow cheeb tsam ntawm underground dej rooj tob mas nws txawv, li ntawd, rau lub yooj yim ntawm nws muab faib mus rau hauv hydrological cheeb tsam. Muaj ntau ntau cov dej-kev coj tus kheej qhov chaw:

• Yav qab teb cheeb tsam. Cov theem dej yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ntau 10-70 m. Lub qhov tob ntawm qhov dej nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog hom twg los ntawm 40 m rau 120 m.
• South-western cheeb tsam. dej qab ntug yog txawv profusion. Qhov nruab nrab tob ntawm qhov dej yog 50 m.
• Central koog tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws cheeb tsam ntawm lub square. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib mus rau hauv Loj thiab Me. Qhov nruab nrab thickness ntawm lub qab ntug yog 30 m. Cov dej no carbonate, carbonate-sulphate.
• Eastern cheeb tsam. Lub qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog 20-50 meters. Dej, yeej, xav mineralized, li ntawd, cov dej tsis zoo.
• Klin-Dmitrov koog tsev kawm ntawv. Nws muaj ob sab sauv carbonate qab ntug: Gzhel thiab Kasimovsky.
• Volga District. Qhov nruab nrab qhov tob ntawm tus aquifer yog 25 meters.

Qhov no yog ib tug general piav qhia ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Ib tug tshawb kom ntxaws txog tsawg kawg kiag, kho pleev dej txheej, nws cov hwj huam, cov kev txaus tus nqi, lub precipitate ceev thiab cov zoo li. D.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub hydrogeology ntawm lub Moscow Thaj av allocates ib aquifer system, uas yog muab faib ua ob peb horizons ntawm Paleozoic thee deposits:

• Podolsko myachkovskogo nruab nrab carbon txheej;
• Serpukhovskoy aquifer thiab Oka qis carbon formations;
• Kashirsky aquifer theem nrab carbon;
• Kasimovsky sab sauv carbon txheej;
• Gzhel sab sauv aquifer carbon.

Ib txhia tsawg kawg kiag yog muaj dej saturation thiab siab mineral cov ntsiab lus, yog li lawv yog tsis haum rau tib neeg kev ua ub no.

Aquifer Serpukhovskoy Oka thiab qis carbon formations muaj ib tug tshaj plaws muaj peev xwm txheeb ze mus rau lwm cov aquifer - 60-70 meters.

Moscow-Podolsky aquifer yuav ncav cuag ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm 45 meters nyob rau hauv qhov tob, nws nruab nrab lub hwj chim yog sib npaug zos rau 25 meters.

Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim ntawm qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer

Sandy aquifer - .. Lub npe zwj ceeb, piv txwv li mus rau lub qab ntug tej zaum yuav muaj xws li gravel, xuab zeb tov nrog gravel. Muaj txawv zog xuab zeb tsawg kawg kiag, lawv tob kuj sib txawv.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog qhov hydrogeology ntawm lub Moscow cheeb tsam thiab nyob ib sab qhov, peb yuav hais tau tias cov dej yuav tsum pom underground ntawm ib tug tob ntawm 3-5 meters, nyob ntawm seb tus kwv tij qhov siab ntawm lub kawm cheeb tsam. Lub qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer yog tseem nyob rau hydrological nta uas nyob ze: dej, pas dej, hav iav.

Ze tshaj rau tus nto txheej yog raug xa mus rau raws li "perched". Nws cov dej siv yog tsis pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, t. K. Lub hwj chim ntawm no txheej yog vim dej nag, daus melting, thiab hais txog. G., Yog li no yuav yooj yim tau teeb meem impurities. Feem ntau, txawm li cas los, cov dej "perched" yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg, thiab hu nws txawm "txheej txheem dej".

Zoo lim dej yog ntawm ib tug tob ntawm 8-10 hom meters. Nyob rau ib lub tob ntawm 30 meters nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua "ntxhia dej", rau zus tau tej cov uas boreholes yog ua lub tsev.

Yuav kom txiav txim seb lub xub ntiag thiab qhov tob ntawm lub sab sauv aquifer yog tus yooj yim. Muaj ntau ntau nrov txoj kev: los ntawm txoj kev ib tug pas nrig los yog ib tug hlau ncej, siv ib tug av nplaum lauj kaub, ib txoj kev tsom kwm cov nroj tsuag loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.