Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws: lub periodization ntawm keeb kwm

Keeb kwm ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws ntawd kub ntev li ob peb millennia. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, tsoom fwv muaj kev tswj los mus ua txhaum mus ob peb zaug, mus sib sau ua ke thiab hloov lawv cov kev cai coj. Uas yog vim li cas lub ancient Iyiv keeb kwm muaj ib tug zoo-tsim periodization, uas yuav pab kom tau ib tug general tswv yim ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg ancient cov txheej xwm.

Prehistory

Civilization sawv ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Nile, nws yog tej zaum cov feem ntau ancient nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Txawm li cas los, ua ntej nws tsim nyob rau hauv lub northeast ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa. Nws yog tus kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Upper Paleolithic, sawv 40 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Common periodization ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws pib los ntawm no taw tes. Lub earliest archaeological kab lis kev cai - ateriyskaya thiab hormusanskaya. Lawv muaj feem artifacts pom muaj tsawg tsawg thiab fragmentary.

Los ntawm Mesolithic chaw yog halfanskoy kab lis kev cai. Nws yuav tsum tau khaws cia tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Egypt, tiam sis nyob rau hauv Nubia. Lub Neolithic kab lis kev cai nyob muaj Fayum A, tuaj txog nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa nrog lub Middle East. Cov seem ntawm lawv koom, nrog rau cov kev sib hais haum ntawm El-Omari thiab Merimde kab lis kev cai.

Muaj ntau pab pawg neeg attracted Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws. Periodization qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas feem ntau cov neeg nyob rau hauv prehistoric lub sij hawm tau hloov no. Tim lyiv teb chaws yog ib tug transit cheeb tsam - borderland ntawm Asia thiab teb chaws Africa. Nyob rau hauv lub lig Neolithic muaj twb tsim Tasiyskoye, Badarian thiab gerzeyskaya archaeological kab lis kev cai. Qhov kawg muaj ib tug twb hloov los ntawm xoom dynasty.

pre-dynastic tim lyiv teb chaws

Hais txog tsib txhiab xyoo BC tau tsim pre-dynastic ancient Egypt. Periodization ntawm keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias nws yog ces hais tias pib lub expansion ntawm pab pawg neeg kev sib raug zoo obsolete. Nws pib los mam Company, uas twb tau nws tus kheej delimited kawm ntawv. Muaj qhev kev sib raug zoo, thiab tom qab lawv - tus qhev lub xeev.

Tsis muaj ib qho tim lyiv teb chaws tsis tau ua ib ke. Consolidation yuav tsum tau lub sij hawm ntau. Nws pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ua liaj ua teb thiab cov kev siv cov kev koom nrog fortified phab ntsa. Reinforcing tswm inhabitants ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws. Muaj hlau cov khoom: pins, koob, ornaments ntawm kub.

Tej zaum nyob rau hauv 3200 xyoo muaj pes tsawg Dynasty BC. Qhov no lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm sawv cev rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm Iyiv rulers, uas kav nyob rau hauv Lower thiab Upper tim lyiv teb chaws. Lawv tsis muaj feem xyuam, tab sis yuav luag contemporaries. Nws yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm lub teb chaws pib nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Naqada III.

thaum ntxov nceeg vaj

Nrog rau cov emergence ntawm lub Early Kingdom pib kav rau lub vaj ntxwv thawj zaug Menes, yuav mus rau qhov kuv dynasty. Nws thaum kawg koom Upper thiab Lower kingdoms rau hauv ib lub koom tim lyiv teb chaws. Lub capital ntawm cov ancient lub xeev yog Memphis. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm pib mus ua qhov kev siv ntawm tsev av tombs rau rulers ntes tau predecessors nto moo pyramids.

Tus thawj pharaohs nyob ntawm tsov rog nrog Bedouins thiab koom mus ua si rau lub zos nyob sib ze Nubia. Periodization thiab chronology ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws hais tias nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm thaum ntxov kingdoms yog cov feem ntau ancient scientific tau ntawm lub Egyptians (nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm astronomy thiab geometry). Lub XXVIII xyoo pua BC tawm maritime luam nrog lub Levantine lub zos nyob rau hauv lub Mediterranean.

Los ntawm thaum ntxov nceeg vaj yog kuv thiab II ntawm lub dynasty. Nyob rau hauv lawv era muaj ib tsab ntawv thiab cov thawj cov ntaub ntawv. Muaj ib tug polytheism - ntseeg nyob rau hauv ntau gods, personified cov rog ntawm xwm, lub neej, txoj kev tuag, thiab lwm yam Lub xeev tswj dej ua hauj lwm ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Nile ...

ancient kingdom

Soj ntsuam tus cwj pwm tus ciam ntawm thaum ntxov thiab cov ancient nceeg vaj hauv lub XXVII xyoo pua BC. e. Qhov tus tsim ntawm tus tshiab lub xeev los ua vaj ntxwv Sanakht. Ancient nceeg vaj muaj xws li III-VI Dynasty. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, ib tug unprecedented rau lub ces ntiaj teb economic, kev cai, ua tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg Iyiv civilization.

Muaj pyramids, uas hloov lub Mastaba. Rau qhov kev siv ntawm cov monumental architectural monuments raug ntiab artisans, peasants thiab qhev. Lub xeev yog rigidly centralized thiab muaj ib lub hwj chim pab npaj yuav sawv kev rau cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv nws ib yam. Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, periodization uas twb muaj li ntawm niaj hnub archaeologists thiab historians, nyob rau hauv vaj ntxwv Pepi kuv tau kov yeej yav qab teb Syria. Thaum lub XXIV xyoo pua BC. e. priestly simplified sau ntawv sib cais ntawm lub niaj zaus hieroglyphic. Raws li cov keeb kwm, yog ib lub pharaohs ntawm ancient kingdoms ntawm Pepi II reigned rau 94 xyoo, uas yog ib yam ntawm cov keeb kwm cov ntaub ntawv.

disunity

Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub qub Kingdom ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, lub era ntawm fragmentation. Nws muaj xws li cov VII-X dynasty. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub teb chaws twb plunged rau hauv anarchy. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub Pharaohs tsis muaj tej lub hwj chim thiab tsuas yog ib tug figurehead. Periodization ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt yog tias nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm fragmentation tiag tiag cawv nomarhi siv, txhua tus uas tswj ib tug lub nroog los yog lub xeev.

Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub tsoom fwv coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib tug unified system ntawm irrigation canals, ua devastation thiab microscopic kev tshaib kev nqhis. Heev heev neeg loj leeb robbed lub tombs thiab lub tuam tsev. Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, periodization, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv system uas tseem yuav tsum tau kawm los ntawm cov kws txawj los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm raug kev txom nyem heev los ntawm cov raids ntawm neighboring nomads.

Cov Middle nceeg vaj

fragmentation lub sij hawm lawm, thaum twg muaj ob rog uas muaj peev xwm rov sib sau ua ke tim lyiv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub tawm tsam rau primacy clashed nceeg vaj Heracleopolis Magna thiab Thebes. Cov teeb meem ntawd kub ntev li ob peb lub xyoo lawm nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Thaum kawg Thebes yeej, thiab cov uas kav lub nroog Mentuhotep II nrhiav tau lub dynasty XI.

Lub mas nyob rau hauv lub XXI xyoo pua BC, lub era hu ua lub Middle Kingdom. Qhov no muaj xws li tsis tsuas XI, thiab XII tab sis Dynasty. Thaum lub sij hawm no hauv lub xeev no txawv rau muaj zog centralisation ntawm ancient despotism, uas, li cas los xij, tsis tiv thaiv cov neeg Iyiv civilization rau subjugate lub Middle East. Los ntawm cov sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean mus rau lub Nile tauj nyiaj, tooj liab, kub thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb cov khoom. Cov Middle Kingdom yog tus richest lub xeev ntawm nws era. Periodization ntawm lub kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, hais tias nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no yog lub flowering ntawm lub teb chaws Iyiv cov ntaub ntawv (nto moo tshaj plaws zaj dab neeg yog xam tau tias yog ib tug "dab neeg ntawm Sinuhe").

poob

Ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm ntawm nom tswv disintegration pib nyob rau hauv 1782 BC. e., thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1570 BC. e. Lub teb chaws yog muab faib mus rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib lub moo. Ces nws invaded lub Hyksos neeg txawv teb chaws. Periodization ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws - yog lub alternation ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev vam meej thiab poob. Thaum lub sij hawm poob ntawm lub tshiab tsoom fwv yog nyob rau hauv tob ntsoog. Rulers tswj tsuas yog tus Nile Delta thiab yuav tsis tau tiv nrog lub xeev uas xav muaj kev ywj pheej.

Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, lub npe ntawm lub Pharaohs coj cov thawj coj ntawm lub Hyksos. Cov no muaj xws li txoj cai ntawm lub XV thiab XVI Dynasty. Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm kuj mus txawv teb chaws twb Thebes. Lawv rulers hnub no yog ranked mus rau lub XVII dynasty. Lawv raug ntiab tawm hauv lub Hyksos thiab koom lub teb chaws nyob ib ncig ntawm Thebes. nyob rau hauv luv luv, lub ces periodization ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, yog ib tug plurality ntawm cais feem, lub ntsiab lus uas feem ntau nyob tsis paub hais tias.

tshiab nceeg vaj

Tshiab Kingdom muaj nyob rau hauv lub XVI-XI centuries BC. Qhov no yog qhov "classic" lub sij hawm. Uas yog hais txog nws khaws cia feem ntau cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv no era ntawm txoj cai xws li cov tub ntxhais hluas Tutankhamun, cov lus qhib ntawm lub qhov ntxa uas yog tus loj tshaj archaeological tshwm sim ntawm lub XX caug xyoo.

Tshiab Kingdom tau sab laug qab lwm tseem ceeb lub npe. Vaj ntxwv Akhenaton sim kho lub Egyptian ntseeg. Nws muab lub qub pantheon thiab ua los thov Vajtswv kom ib tug Vajtswv. Akhenaten lub dag zog twb nyob rau hauv vain. Polytheism twb tsis ntev revived.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Kingdom (lub xyoo Dynasty, nees nkaum) nyob ib tug thib tsib ntawm cov tib neeg pej xeem ntawm lub ntiaj chaw. Periodization ntawm ancient Iyiv kos duab hais txog lub sij hawm no qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm monuments uas muaj dim mus rau lub hnub tam sim no. Tshiab nceeg vaj poob tom qab fais fab nyob rau hauv sab qab teb, yog tej lub priestly caste. Disintegration twb preceded by "Lig Bronze Hnub nyoog cev qhuav dej," thaum nyob rau hauv Egypt nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII BC invaded "Hiav txwv Haiv neeg" tau tshwm sim los zoo kev puas tsuaj rau lub teb chaws.

phua

Qhov kawg lub sij hawm ntawm Iyiv fragmentation txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv XI-VI centuries BC. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, peb hloov lub dynasty nees nkaum-thawj los ntawm nees nkaum-thib rau lub. Vim hais tias ntawm cov strife tim lyiv teb chaws tau ceased mus thov cov hmoov txhuas nyob rau hauv lub Eastern Mediterranean. Hwj chim tau poob nws lub xeem cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub Middle East thiab Phenicia. Libyans txuas ntxiv colonization ntawm Lower tim lyiv teb chaws. Cov thawj coj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg los ua alien rulers polynomials, haiv neeg Iyiv nobles.

Thaum lub ncov ntawm lub fragmentation ntawm lub teb chaws raug faib mus rau hauv tsib lub nceeg vaj tsis muaj zog. Periodization ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws no yog ua los ntawm ib tug plurality ntawm sij hawm, tab sis nws yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb coob coob ntawm dynasties thiab nrog kev tsov kev rog. Fragmentation ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tu ncua los ua tus kwv uas aggression, Ethiopia nyob rau hauv sab qab teb thiab nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm Axilias.

tom qab lub nceeg vaj

Historians muab Dynasty XXVII ntawm XXX nyob rau hauv lub lig sij hawm ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws. Nws sib lawv liag lub moj khaum: 525-332 xyoo BC. Lub lig pib ntawm lub conquest ntawm lub nceeg vaj yog hais tias yuav lub Nile Valley Persia. North-sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Africa tau suav hais tias yog thib rau satrapy ntawm lub Achaemenid faj tim teb chaws. Cov thawj tswj centre ntawm lub teb chaws dua los ua Memphis.

Thaum tsov rog tsoo tawm ntawm Persia thiab tim Nkij teb chaws, lub Greeks invaded tim lyiv teb chaws, hoping antipersidskoe uprising ntawm neeg nyob hauv zos, tiam sis cov revolt tsis tshwm sim. Qhov kawg lub sij hawm ntawm kev ywj pheej yog hais txog mus rau lub IV xyoo pua BC. Pharaohs sim los mus tiv thaiv nws lub hwjchim kav, siv lub pressing teeb meem ntawm cov Pawxia. Cuaj kaum Artaksersk III rov kov yeej tim lyiv teb chaws. Qhov thib ob txoj cai ntawm cov Pawxia ntawd kub ntev li tsuas nees nkaum xyoo.

Aleksandr Makedonsky conquers tim lyiv teb chaws

Nyob rau hauv lub IV xyoo pua BC, Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, lub chronology thiab periodization ntawm keeb kwm uas yog tag nrho ntawm ntse lem, ua ib feem ntawm lub hauv Makadaunias faj tim teb chaws. Yog hais tias ua ntej cov neeg ntawm lub Nile tsim raws li sab hnub tuaj civilization, tab sis tam sim no nws tau ua ib feem ntawm ib tug tib qhov chaw Hellenized.

Thaum kov yeej Persia, Aleksandr Makedonsky pib kis nyob rau hauv lub Middle East, lub ancient Greek culture. Nyob rau hauv 332 BC nws yog lub lem ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, yog ib feem ntawm lub yeej lub Achaemenid faj tim teb chaws. Alexander kov yeej cov neeg Asmeskas teb chaws thiab hais tias nws tus kheej vaj ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv lub Nile Delta, nws ua ib tug tshiab qhov chaw nres nkoj, uas tau ua ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws lub zos ntawm antiquity. Alexandria nto moo rau nws tsev qiv ntawv thiab ib lub teeb (ib tug ntawm xya kev xav). Cov tib lub nroog yog lub qhov ntxa ntawm tus naas ej warlord.

Ptolemaic lub sij hawm,

Ptolemaic lub sij hawm - qhov tseeb tshooj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient Egypt. Nws tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus dynasty tsim nws txoj cai tshaj lub teb chaws tom qab lub ntxov ntxov tuag ntawm lub neej Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Nws approximate (Diadochi) muab faib hwj chim zoo kawg general. Ib tug ntawm lawv, Ptolemy, los ua tus uas kav Iyi tebchaws.

Txawm hais tias lub teb chaws rau lwm lub peb centuries tseem ywj siab, nws yog tsis ib qho kev ywj civilization. Raws li hais saum toj no, Tim lyiv teb chaws raug kev txom nyem ntau tus los ntawm Hellenistic kab lis kev cai. Mix tag nrho - los ntawm lus rau kev ntseeg. Alexandria ua lub peev ntawm uas yog tswj los ntawm ancient Egypt. Periodization ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws no hais tias nyob rau hauv lub heyday ntawm lub Ptolemies mus rau lub xeev tau koom tsis tau tsuas yog rau Dolina Nila, tab sis kuj Palestine, Cyprus, ib feem ntawm Syria thiab cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog.

Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Ltalis loj hlob ib tug tshiab zoo faj tim teb chaws. Thaum kov yeej lub Western Mediterranean, lub Roman koom pheej muab nws ntsia rau sab hnub tuaj. Nplij siab Octavian Augustus tshaj tawm hais tias tsov rog rau tim lyiv teb chaws, nyob qhov twg Cleopatra cai. Lub teb chaws twb kov yeej los ntawm 30 BC. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub Roman koom pheej los ua ib tug faj tim teb chaws. Tim lyiv teb chaws twb tau hailed ib tug ntawm nws lub moo, thiab thaum kawg poob kev ywj pheej.